A-Z贩卖联系
A
A/D线路: 看预先或拒绝线路。
添加: 增加位置由采购另外的共用或部件,也叫采购更多,或者通过出售(如果短),也叫的另外的共用或部件出售更多。
ADR : 看美国存放处收货。
预先或拒绝线路: 缩写: A/D线路。 由在上升股票的数量&断开在毎贸易的日股票之间的数量的区别做的线路。 是没有变化的股票没有计数。 即,如果1300股票上升& 1000股票断开,区别是+300。 300加到总额从日前。 并且叫的广度(市场)。 A/D线路显示什么股票巨大质量执行与在所有股票指数包含的股票对比的有限数字,特殊Dow。 其特别显著,当它从库存平均数分流。 即, Dow做新的高,当A/D线路落时,显示那,当几股票可能导致市场市场arent按照的大部分时。 这将做新的Dow高嫌疑犯&增加可能性冲销来。 相反地,其看涨,如果A/D线路与Dow一起做新的高,确认新的Dow高。
美国存放处收货: 缩写: ADR. 票据由美国银行发行了作为副本为非美国证券。 实践上,和一样公司的共用,除了ADR在美国替换被贩卖,公司国家(地区)不是的替换domiciled。
要求: 价格某人是愿意出售在。 看投标或要求传播。
在这市场: 采购或出售在市场上。 看市场定购单。
在这货币: 有一个履约价格同样或非常接近基础安全的市值的选项。 参见固有值。
自动再投资: 股东股息的自动再投资在公司股份。 公司通常执行此,不用经纪人佣金&可能甚而提供小的贴现从当前价格。
下来平均数: 购买更多以低价比原始采购。 即,如果您采购了LOral共用在1015年&以后采购了更多在950,您平均为下来。 没推荐,除非一个有经验的投资者。 但可能把损失变成收益的战术,特别是如果娴熟在辩明图表支持&抵抗级别。
平均数: 1)出售更多以一个更高的价比原始采购。 即,您出售短的微米技术在70。 如果您出售更多在80,您平均为。 没推荐,除非一个有经验的投资者。 但可能把损失变成收益的战术,特别是如果娴熟在辩明图表支持&抵抗级别; 2)不常见曾经描述另外的购买以更高的价。
B
基点: 1) .01%产量在固定收益证券。 如果T结合产量下落从7.05%到6.40%,其被拒绝的65基点; 2)使用在提到在价格上的变化除固定收益证券之外。 即,如果日元远期从98.10下降到95.50,下落可以被描述作为260基点。
下跌: 有观点市场断开。
下跌分歧: 通常,新的高在没有对应的新的高的价格在一个相关价格、平均数、索引或者其他技术指示符。 即,如果股票做新的高,但是技术指示符例如RSI不,它指向向上动力损失&在趋势上的可能的更正或者变化。 参见看涨分歧、分歧& RSI。
beta : 股票变更率的评定与S&P 500索引比较。 产生S&P 500索引值为1。 如果股票比S&P 500索引可变,它将有一beta大于1。 如果较不可变, beta少于1将是。 即,如果S&P 500索引移动5%,通常移动7.5%的股票将有beta 1.50,表明其1.5x作为挥发性象S&P 500索引。 如果股票通常移动2%,它将有beta .40。 Betas比S&P 500索引是有用的在修建投资组合极大或一点变更率。
投标: 价格某人是愿意支付。 看投标或要求传播。
投标或要求传播: 不同价格您能采购&出售的。 即,如果IBM有一个投标或要求传播159在159 1/4, youd工资159 1/4,如果采购&接受159,如果出售。 投标或要求传播对金融市场不是唯一的。 如果您将采购一枚numismatic硬币从钱币套购人, youd工资要求价格。 如果您想出售同一枚硬币对经销商, youd接受投标价格。 投标或在您不是在商业的所有市场上要求传播是做生意的价格。 并且叫的投标或聘用传播。 投标或聘用分布: 看投标或要求传播。
大块板: 纽约证券交易所。
哥哥(B到B) : 从字符在乔治Orwells小说, 1984年,象征一个无所不在,表面上仁慈图,但施加对各自的寿命的压迫控制由一个独裁govt.哥哥可以实际上是govt,人员,雇主,或者包含单个的所有专用位&部分一个匿名的计算机数据库居住,以客观&无法控制的次幂指明他们的命运,直接地或间接。
BIS : 国际清算银行,巴塞尔,瑞士。 所有bankscentral银行的祖父为所有世界中央银行。
高值筹码: 术语美国起源,起初选定一块芯片蓝色stonea金刚石。 术语为高值啤牌芯片也采用。 其用于描述是大&有收入一个非常好记录&支付股息1选件类corporationsthose的共用。 Theyre通常老&极其源远流长。 然而,他们的价格去在下并且,因此图表分析在采购或出售之前是重要的。
BOJ : 日本银行(Japans中央银行)。
债券: 一个长期负债票据由govt或公司发行了。 术语在几年多种债券能&变化,但是通常10年或长期。 债务证券带有短期比10年,但在1年期间通常指附注。
广度: 看预先或拒绝线路。
看涨: 有观点市场上升。
看涨共识: 通用,顾问的百分比的调查&编译看涨或下跌在一个特殊市场上。 很多家公司执行这些调查根据一个每日&每周基本类型。 投资者智能是一广泛按照的股市consenus。 市场翻板看涨共识在未来市场行情广泛按照。 参见相反观点。
看涨分歧: 通常,新的低在没有对应的新的低的价格在一个相关价格、平均数、索引或者其他技术指示符。 即,如果股票做新的高,但是技术指示符例如Stochastics不,它指向向下动力损失&在趋势上的可能的更正或者变化。 参见下跌分歧&分歧。
买回: 看盖子。
采购更多: 看见添加。
采购终止: 看停止订购。
C
购买权(选项) : 1)选项的类型。 购买选择权产生采购员权利,但不是负债购买安全的共用的一个指明的编号以一个指明的价格在或在一个指定日期之前。 (为债券&期货合约并且使用)。 即,柯达12月85日Eastman购买选择权赋予责任人采购EK 100共用的权力在或在选项之前(通常第3星期五的12月到期日月)在85不管当时EK的实际价格。 频繁地,如果选项是在这货币, ie,股票在85履约价格之上,责任人将简单出售选项&收集利润。 如果EK在85以下&选项到期,购买权采购员丢失所有钱(优质)支付选项。 采购选项的好处是杠杆作用。 为几百美元您有权利有限时间内参加股票的预付款,和在EK即,将要求US$4250的一次最小的投资(使用50%毛利)。 大缺点是您必须不仅正确关于价格移动的方向,您的规定期限一定也是正确的。 因为至少80%所有选项到期被设计的worthlessas theyre执行,出售选项通常是更加明智的战术。 参见放置(选项); 2)公司决定在其到期日之前兑现安全的活动。
取消或替换: 取消一个命令&替换它用一个不同的指令为同一个安全或合同。
现金图表: 反射商品的现金或现货价格价格图表与一个转接价格比较在未来市场行情。
CBOT : 看芝加哥贸易委员会。
中央银行: 国家多数强大的财政机关,通常国有,被设计调控&控制财政&货币活动。 它发行法定看护人,返回预留为国家银行,控制流货币&金子, &调控货币量&赊帐。 由于其巨大的次幂,它极大影响利率&经济。 中央银行有时执行干预,是财政或货币干涉在市场达到一个期望结果; 即,推进货币或下来。 他们经常索赔他们的意图是反对货币投机商,但他们实际上反对自由市场,阻拦用品&需求自然强制。 他们的干预可以是口头(赊买)或实际的,他们使用纳税人货币更改纳税人货币的值。 自由市场人认为这样活动不道德, &在美国,违反宪法。
CFR : 对外关系委员会。 CFR的定义从值得注意的来源。 亚瑟Schlesinger,小: 一个前组织为美国设置的重点。 Newsweek : 美国的对外政策设置。 理查Rovere在Esquire : 有点儿主席团为引导我们的命运作为国家设置的该部分。 专栏作家Edith罗斯福(Theodore Roosevelt总统)的孙女: 字设置[CFR]是一个一般用语为权力中坚在intl财务、商业、行业& govt,主要从东北部,掌握大多数大权不管谁在白宫里。 多数人对此合法的黑手党是没有察觉的。 设置制造的次幂从寻找基础授予的教授感觉,对候选人为机柜过帐或国务院工作。 它在几乎每区影响国家制度。 外交事务杂志是CFR喉舌, &在Time,最显要的期刊以前叫在打印。 其说,如果您想要知道什么美国govt明天执行,今天读了外交事务。
图表分析: 看技术分析。
芝加哥贸易委员会: 美国金融证券的远期替换(T结合, T附注,市政债券) &谷物复杂(玉米、燕麦、大豆等等)被贩卖。
芝加哥商人汇兑: 缩写: CME. 美国S&P 500索引、牛&猪肚被贩卖的远期替换。 CME、国际金融市场(IMM),贸易货币远期&欧元的部门。
同边: 独立国家联合体。 自治状态的联邦由俄国&大多前面的苏联共和国做成,为协调的事理的目的。
闭端投资公司(相互)资金: 管理共同基金带有共用的有限数字的投资公司。 列出在替换,它于股票是非常类似的,您能安置采购&出售命令、终止损失顺序、限制顺序等等。
COMEX : 看商品交易公司
商品: 看远期。
商品交易公司: 美国铜、金子&银被贩卖的远期替换。
普通股: 安全在公司中的表示所有者权益。 公用股东在资产有索赔在债券持有人、其他债权人&首选股东以后索赔。 公用股东通过选举权控制管理&公司政策。
联邦: 51个自治独立国家&多种相关性的关联(殖民地&受保护国)有共同兴趣他们是老大英帝国的所有部分。 英国帝王是符号题头&总理&财务大臣周期性地见面得。 成员在经济,科学,培训,财务,合法, &军事事态上咨询&设法协调制度。
确认: 验证或增加一个特殊市场移动的正确性,通常新或重大高或者低。 即,如果Dow做新的高,但道琼运输不,新的高没有被确认。 罐头也使用它带有其他市场指数,即, A/D线路。 一般,确认书必须处理比较一定数量的技术指示符或学习发现多数是否在协议至于将来的价格移动。 参见分歧& Dow原理。
意外情况顺序: 命令depends/is偶发在某个其他参数首先发生,通常另一秩序的执行。 即,如果Im在我的顺序装载采购Roche藏品400共用,发出一份订单出售400共用在8550终止。 没有要求经纪接受意外情况顺序。 如果您是一台被重视的客户机(转换: 您的商业生成好佣金为经纪), s/he将接受意外情况仅顺序,但根据一个没有被暂挂的基本类型。
相反观点: 根据概念的市场原理人群通常错误。 一个相反观点是什么的对面的少数意见(&小的少数民族在那)多数人认为将发生。 即,如果大家是看涨在债券,反对启用下跌。 参见看涨共识。
可兑现金债券: 可以被转换成普通股以价格或费率的债券指定了在债券的发行。
更正: 任何临时冲销或retracement在价格移动在发生价格移动的相反的方向。 通常使用当提到价格移动不朝主要趋势的方向时。 更正可能开发成在趋势上的一个变化,但这可能回顾展地只被确定。
盖子: 采购的活动在最初出售以后(短缺)。 即,报道我的AT&T短小在34指示经纪采购AT&T的同一个编号共享您最初出售,当AT&T伸手可及的距离34的价格。
D
每日图表: 密谋贩卖活动的每几天的高,低&收盘价的图表。 参见线路&酒吧。
日顺序: 所有顺序被认为日顺序,除非否则特定地指明。 日顺序为仅该贸易的会议是好&到期在贸易的会议的结尾。
塌陷: 在价格的实际减少。 通货膨胀对面,是在价格的一个增量。
通货紧缩: 在通货膨胀率的减少。 即,通货膨胀明年是4%一年& 3%。
分歧: 一安全、平均数、索引或者技术指示符的价格移动的疏忽确认另一安全、平均数、索引或者技术指示符的价格移动。 参见确认。
多样化: 风险的减少通过投资在非相关证券&投资的不同的类型。 投资清楚的类别将包括股票、债券、CDs、金融市场帐户、货币、稀有金属,远期,不动产& collectibles (艺术、硬币、印花税等等)。 多样化是必要的,因为没有确实在投资。 风险分布保证,如果一区变酸,你可能很好仍然执行在另。 实际上,一个适当地被多样化的投资组合被设计,以便发生。
股息: 公司付的付款给他们的股东现金或股票。
DJIA : 看道琼工业平均。
Dow : 看道琼工业平均。
道琼工业平均: 缩写: DJIA; Dow. 平均市价30广泛拥有的NYSE列出的股票。 平均数没有为股票的资本化被衡量。 它通过采取30股票的价格的总和&分开计算由被调整的分母。 当分母获得更小,变更率在Dow增加。 DJIA是世界广泛按照的&被引述的股市索引。
道琼运输平均数: 经常称为Dow运输或简单运输。 原始铁路运输平均数, DJTA包括航空公司、运费、铁路等等的包括20股票。
Dow原理: 原理必须由道琼工业平均&道琼运输平均数确认一个主要趋势在股市上(以前铁路运输平均数)。 如果其中一个平均数做新的高或低,该新高或低是嫌疑犯,直到另一个平均数也做新的高或低,因而确认新的高或低。 由查尔斯・H. Dow作为商业指示符而不是股市原始设想。 罗伯特・丽亚进一步随后开发了原理。 它不是一样简单的原理,象上述短的定义也许指示&经常被误引&被误会。 看见确认。
E
每股收益: 缩写: EPS. 公司净收入在税务&付款以后对首选股东由未清股份的数量分开。 参见价格收益比例。
ECU : 欧洲货币单位,先行者的欧洲。 看见欧洲。
欧洲自由贸易联盟: 欧洲自由贸易关联,严密被链接与成员是非欧共体的欧共体,但。 成员包括冰岛、列支敦士登、挪威&瑞士。
新兴市场: 市场在不经济上或财务是源远流长的国家(地区),但在该方向获得进展。 即,中国,泰国。
EMS : 欧洲货币制度。 链接欧共体国家的各自的货币排列通过配方稳定外汇&逆通货膨胀叫ERM (汇率结构)。
ERM : 看EMS。
欧共体: 欧共体。 在正义规定共同市场、公用货币、公用外部&安全策略、公用国防政策、合作&内部事件的笨重,社会主义,兆govt欧共体中央银行的机构, &创建。 包括15个欧洲国家: 奥地利、比利时、英国、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙&瑞典。
欧洲: EUs唯一货币单位集为1999生成,在原理上,最终替换所有各自的欧共体货币。
欧元: 美元在定金在欧洲银行。
无红利日期: 日期或,在之后采购员不会接受下股息。 在美国,当前2日在登记日期之前。 当股票贩卖无红利时,它在股息是有偿的在共用的该日意味&此金额从股票行市扣除。 图表有时有在他们标记的X表示这样日。 无红利日期&登记日期之间的关系取决于要求的几天的数量结算事务处理。 参见登记日期。
F
装载: 您采购或出售的价格。 即,琼斯先生,您的装载是117在6月5日T结合。 动词表单被装载的平均值命令被执行了或完成了。 琼斯先生,您T结合命令被装载了。
平面: 有位置长或短。 即, Im平面的玉米。
根本分析: 市场分析二个清楚的类别之一(其他是技术的)曾经得到将来的价格移动的表示。 它是一个定量途径根据companys资产负债表、利润&损失语句、行业趋势、经济&管理数据、用品&需求等等。 问题带有使用仅根本分析是很难说什么您不知道公司,可能是举足轻重的在采购或出售决策。 并且,决定多少重量产生数据每个部分是高度任意的。 最后,根本分析当时不告诉您采购或出售。 您的分析可以是正确的,但市场可能不认可机会多年来。 参见技术分析。
远期: 在一个被规定的日期包含一个协议购买或出售特定相当数量商品的合同(即,玉米、原油,金子)或金融证券(即,证券, S&P 500,欧元)以一个特殊价格。 它强制采购员采购&卖主出售,除非合同在之前被抵销是97%时间)的结算日期(。 有时叫的商品。 但与金融前景的简介除实物商品之外,远期是首选术语。
G
G-7 (组七) : 周期性地见面得讨论世界经济&其他问题7主要行业民主的精华俱乐部。 成员是加拿大、法国、德国、意大利、日本、英国&美国。
空白: 一个范围在价格在早先贸易的会议的高之间, &随后的贸易的会议的低或在早先贸易的会议的低&贸易没有发生随后的贸易的会议的高之间。
空白空缺数目: 在高之上或在早先贸易的会议的低之下的开盘价。
镀金面: 随着时间的过去显示了他们的付款能力持续股息或感兴趣公司的证券。 在最上等的债券通常曾经描述债券,和。
GNP &国民生产总值: 国内总产值&国民生产总值。 GNP是国家&服务的导致的总全世界市值所有货物在一个指定的期间(通常一年)。 国民生产总值是仅相似,但报告的每季&盖子货物&服务导致在里面国家边界。 在多国家公司此时代,国民生产总值被认为国家经济实绩的更加准确的晴雨表。
黄金本位制: 一个纸币部件是等于的在值&可兑换为指定的相当数量金子的一个本位制度。 其目的将放置限额在govt赤字开支&产生公民坚持其值&有全球接受的货币。 它阻拦通货膨胀。 当它在人民的现有量,使他们平衡他们的预算值&放置次幂政客烦恶它。 美国宪法需求金子&银依托为美元,但政客查找了办法绕过宪法。
GTC命令: 好直到被取消的命令。 看未完成订单。
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ILO : Intl人工组织。 促进雇佣的联合国组织,改进劳动条件&生活水平。 非常针对社会主义&比它解决可能制造更多问题。
IMF : 国际货币基金组织。 看见世界银行。
在这货币: 说明曾经描述有固有值的所有选项。 参见固有值。
干预: 看见中央银行。
固有值: 为购买选择权: 金额基础安全的市场价格在期权履约价之上。 即,一种IBM购买选择权带有履约价格的100与IBM股票在110,有一个固有值的10 &是在这货币。 如果IBM是在95,购买选择权不会有固有值&是这货币。 如果IBM是在100,更没有固有值,但选项是在这货币。 为出售选择权: 金额基础安全的市场价格在期权履约价之下。 即, Xerox放置带有履约价格的35带有Xerox在30,有一个固有值的5。 如果Xerox在35或更高,出售选择权不会有固有值。 参见溢价、履约价格&时间值。
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杠杆作用: 在财务意义,做特定金额比为其范围完成更多工作正常的,在同一个方式一根适当地被应用的杠杆可能确切地增强一非常重量级。 获得更多轰隆为您的大型装配架。 使用的更多杠杆作用,越投机的是投资。 采购的股票在50%毛利比充分支付使用更多杠杆作用股票。 采购购股选择权比采购的股票杠杆作用在毛利。 然后theres远期…欢迎到hyperspace。
LIFFE : FTSE-100,意大利语&德语结合的伦敦国际金融前景替换,长的镀金面、欧洲瑞士法郎&欧元在其他之中被贩卖。
线路&酒吧: 安全的价格被张贴显示时间期的图表(日、星期等等)的最高&低价被连接作为垂直行。 收盘价显示作为延伸到右边的一幅小的水平条形图从网格栏。 许多时间开盘价也将是包括的如果那样&,显示作为延伸到左的一幅小的水平条形图从网格栏。 数量经常包括作为一份子图在价格之下。 这是价格图表的最普遍&最灵活的类型。 参见点&图。

长期: 被采购&不出售。 即, Im长期Gevaert 2000共用。 动词表单用于指示采购的活动。 即,是长的Woodside石油在8之上。
长化学键: 一政券成熟在超过10年。 参见债券。
长期: 指示很长时间期间的一个主观术语使用根据投资。 最少,它适用于1年,但2通常至少年或者更多的期限。 摇摆定义了长期投资作为显示损失的一次短期投资。 参见中期&短期。
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马斯特里赫特: 条约在欧共体,被批准1993年11月,在马斯特里赫特,荷兰,欧共体正式诞生。 不是所有各自的欧共体成员批准了所有提供。 它将变换欧洲,不用公民了解或同意。
MATIF : Marche CAC-40,意大利语结合的Terme国际De法国替换, Matif Pibor & O.A.T. govt债券在其他之中被贩卖。
毛利: 1)一笔贷款从采购股票,因此采购的股票的经纪在毛利。 贷款通常是50%被采购的股票的价格; 2)诚实信用定金在期货合约。
补充保证金通知: 某事是非常错误的经纪唤醒的购买权。 更加学术上,一份通知单为了另外的资金能符合安全采购或shortsale的原始保证金要求。 它通常是一个或更多的符号的下列: 1个)帐户undercapitalised (非常公用今后贩卖); 2)不使用终止损失限制损失在位置该arent执行什么您期待; 采购许多个股票在毛利或今后的3),贩卖许多合同。
市场定购单: 定货那时供应尽快&以最佳的可获得的价格。 它有高优先级&在秩序之前的其他类型被装载。 没有保证在什么价格您将被装载,您将被装载的那。 即, Lonrho采购1000共用,在市场上。
中期: 一个期限在短期&长期之间。 有时指学期中。 在库存,通常提到6-12月期间。 在债券, 3 10年期间。 参见短期&长期。
Merc : 看芝加哥商人汇兑。
MIT命令: 市场如果涉及。 使用主要在未来市场行情。 当specificed价格被到达, MIT命令成为市场定购单。 比市场在必须发出采购的MIT订单以低价当发出时订单。 比市场在必须发出出售的MIT订单以一个更高的价当发出时订单。
MOC命令: 市场在关闭命令是填充在会议的结尾的市场定购单。 通常前30秒贩卖在公平就业或为时2分钟今后。 它不意味您将被装载以日的确切的收盘价。 closing是价格,其中任一个的范围,其中您也许被装载在。
MOO命令: 市场在打开命令是在贸易的会议初填充的市场定购单。 (今后,这通常是第1 2分钟贩卖)。 它不意味您将被装载以在下张几天报纸列出的开放价格。 空缺数目包括价格的范围,其中任一,其中您也许被装载在。
移动平均值: 缩写: mvg。 安全的平均价格或索引或者期货合约或者债券在一个固定的时期。 可以使用价格的所有方面,但最普遍是收盘价。 即, 39星期移动平均值是39除的最后39几星期收盘价的总和。 每周最旧的价格下跌&当前价格添加,在平均数被重估之前。 它由一条线路在图表在线路通常表示每种剧情是一个39星期平均形象。 移动平均值在价格举动用于使波动光滑,因此潜在趋势装于罐中更加清楚被看见。 如果它在其50日移动平均值之上,保持一些拥有股票。 使光滑的这来以价格。 它可能磨灭美好的详细资料&线索市场离开&有经验的技术人员能使用到他们的好处。 解决方法: 仅使用移动平均值,但作为1个工具在许多之中。
多个: 看价格收益比例。
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NAFTA : 北美洲自由贸易协议。 有效1994年1月1日,它寻求设立tariff-free贸易&在2005年以前去除多数跨越边界投资障碍在加拿大、美国&墨西哥之中。 包含提供添加更多成员。 其福利是无定论的。
北约: 西欧国家,加拿大&美国的军事联盟, 1949年创建,担当冷战威慑物到自USSR/Warsaw契约国家的威胁。 被创建的其中一个最有效的军事联盟,其现在摸索重新解释其任务。 如果北约成为社会主义,官僚联合国的军用胳膊,其效果将被中立化。
纽约商人汇兑: 缩写: NYMEX. 美国油复杂的远期替换(原油、燃料油等等),白金、钯& CRB索引被贩卖在其他中。
纽约证券交易所: 缩写: NYSE. 最旧,最大&最著名的证券交易所在美国。 通常,在NYSE列出的股票是更大的公司。 有时指大块板。
没有暂挂: 1)一个规定由经纪s/he没有举行负责,如果命令没有被执行或者没执行以期望价格。 命令唯一被接受根据一个最佳的工作成绩基本类型没有保证任何; 2)允许场内经纪人运用他们的判断力关于命令执行的时期&价格的限定词。
NYMEX : 看纽约商人汇兑。
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OCO命令: 一取消这其他顺序是一个命令与2个部分。 即,出售6月5日金子在380终止OCO 382MIT。 假设一个当前价格的381,如果6月金子拒绝到380,在它提前到382之前,您将出售5个合同在380终止。 另一1/2命令,出售5在382将自动地被取消。 如果6月金子提前到382,在它拒绝到380之前,您将出售5 contracts at 382-MIT. The other 1/2 of the order, selling 5 at 380-stop will automatically be cancelled.
OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development. Paris-based organisation of 25 of world�s leading industrial nations, pledged to promote economic growth, aid developing nations, & expand world trade.
Offer: See Ask.
Offset: Selling of the same option or futures contract originally purchased or buying of the same option or futures contract originally sold so that one is flat.
OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Group of oil-producing nations which attempts to set world oil prices by controlling production. Powerful in the 1960s & 70s, but has lost clout due to internal squabbling & shoddy discipline.
Open order: An order that doesn�t expire at the end of each trading session. An open order will remain active until the order is executed or cancelled/changed. (Some brokerages limit the time they�ll keep an open order, eg, 30 days. If so, you�ll have to place the open order again at the end of the time limit. Be sure to record when an open order �expires�).
Open profits: Any gain existing in a position which hasn�t been liquidated/closed. Also called �paper profits.�
Open-End (Mutual) Fund: A management investment company in which new shares are issued according to supply & demand of investors. Not listed on stock exchanges. Biggest drawback is inability to place stop-loss orders to automatically exit if price drops below critical areas of support. See also Closed-End (Mutual) Fund.
Open Interest: Total number of options or futures contracts that have not been liquidated. An open interest of 1 represents both the buyer & seller of a particular option or futures contract.
Option: See Call (Option) & Put (Option).
Out-of-the-Money: Phrase used to describe any option with no intrinsic value. See also Intrinsic Value.
Overbought: Term used to describe a security that has advanced appreciably & in which the probability of a corrective decline is high. Many technical oscillators, such as RSI & Stochastics, are used to try to determine at what point an overbought condition exists. The stronger the uptrend, however, the more likely an oscillator will give the technician a false signal.
Oversold: Term used to describe a security that has declined appreciably & in which the probability of a corrective rally is high. Many technical oscillators, such as RSI & Stochastics, are used to try to determine at what point an oversold condition exists. The stronger the downtrend, however, the more likely an oscillator will give the technician a false signal.
Oz: Australia.
� P �
Paper profits: See Open profits.
P/E: See Price-Earnings Ratio.
Penny Stock: A relatively low-priced, highly speculative security. Many brokers define any stock under US$5 a �penny stock.�
Point & Figure (P&F): Charts in which prices are posted without regard to time or volume. Usually only closing prices are used. X�s are used for advancing prices & O�s for declining prices. The 2 parameters used for plotting are box size & reversal amount. The box size refers to the minimum increase in price needed to add an X to the top of a column of X�s, & the minimum decrease in price needed to add an O to the bottom of a column of O�s. Eg, if the value of one box was 5 points & the last plot in a column of X�s was 70, a move to 73 would not be plotted. It�d take a move to 75 before another X would be added to the column of X�s.

Reversal amount refers to the change in price, up or down, needed to create a new column. Using a standard 3-box reversal in the example above, prices would have to decline to 55 before the chart would begin a column of O�s. P&F charts make support & resistance levels easy to see. They also save space. Often years of price action can be shown in a small area on a single page rather than several pages as with line & bar charts. The main drawback is the elimination of smaller price moves along with the fine details & clues included with them.
Ponzi Scheme: Investment swindle in which high profits are promised & early investors are paid off from funds raised from later ones. Named after Italian speculator Charles Ponzi, who organised such a scheme in 1919-1920. Excellent modern-day example is US Social Security system.
Position: Noun: The number of shares or units owned in a particular security if long, the number of shares or units owed, if short. Eg, �My position in Tiger Oats is 2000 shares.� Verb: To buy or sell a particular security. Eg, �Try to position yourself in Sandoz between 1400 & 1450.�
Preferred Stock: Part of the stock of a corporation that has priority over common stock in the distribution of dividends. In the event of a bankruptcy, preferred stock holders are ahead of common stock holders with regard to the distribution of assets.
Premium: The price of an option consisting of the sum of its time value & intrinsic value.
Price-Earnings Ratio: The quotient obtained by dividing a stock�s current market price by the current yearly earnings per common share. Also called �multiple.� Eg, �Intel is trading at a multiple of 26� or �Intel has a P/E of 26.�
Price order: An order that states the price you want to buy/sell at. There�s no guarantee the order will be filled, but if it is, it will be at the stated price or better (more favourable price). Eg, �Buy 5000 shares of Bic at 600.�
Profit-protecting stop order: A stop order placed above your entry price in a long position to �protect� some of the open profit. If short, the stop order is placed below your entry price.
PT: Permanent Traveler, Partime Taxpayer, etc. A semi-nomadic to nomadic lifestyle & philosophy in which individuals take full advantage of all legal options available to avoid Big Brother. Eg, frequent travel to different countries (normally spending about 3-6 months in each) means a person is not subject to income taxes & many other regulatory requirements of full-time residents. PT�s often have business, banking, investing, residency & citizenship each in different nations to minimise taxes & maximise freedom & liberty.
Put (Option): A type of option. A put option gives the buyer the right but not the obligation to sell a stated number of shares of a security at a stated price on or before a specified date. (Also used for bonds & futures contracts). Eg, a Dec 85 Eastman Kodak put option gives the owner the right to sell 100 shares of EK on or before the December expiration date of the option (usually the 3rd Friday of the month) at 85 regardless of the actual price of EK at the time. The owner can sell the option at any time before the expiration date. Eg, if EK is trading at 80 in mid-November, the owner could sell the put option & collect the current premium. He would get $500 for the option�s intrinsic value (strike price of 85 minus current market price of 80 = 5) & additional premium for the remaining time value of the option. On US exchanges each option represents 100 shares of the underlying stock. See also Call (Option).
Pyramiding: Adding to your position in a particular security, often using open profits from an earlier purchase(s). Eg, �I bought Coca-Cola at 30 & bought more at 40.�
� Q �
Quote: The current price. To �get a quote� is to get the current price.
� R �
Record Date: Date on which a shareholder must own shares in order to receive the next dividend. Currently in the US, a stock goes �ex-dividend� 2 days before the record date. See also Ex-Dividend Date.
Relative Strength Index: Or RSI. A technical indicator developed by Welles Wilder. It functions as an overbought/oversold oscillator. In trending markets it�s often used to identify buying opportunities during corrections in uptrends or selling opportunities during corrections in downtrends. Also used to signal divergences. Works best in non-trending markets.
Resistance: A price level or range of prices at which a security stopped advancing in the past or is anticipated to stop advancing should it rise to that level in the future. Using price charts you can see at what price level(s) a security previously stopped advancing. These are the most likely levels of �resistance� to further price advances if price returns to those levels again. See also Support.
RSI: See Relative Strength Index.
� S �
Sell More: See Add.
Sell-stop: See Stop order.
Semi-numismatic: Coins which have a �collector� value in addition to underlying bullion value. Bullion coins have little numismatic value & numismatic coins have little bullion value.
Settle: To complete a securities transaction between broker & customer.
Short: Having sold & not yet covered/bought back. Eg, �I�m short 500 shares of Texas Instruments.� Verb form indicates the action of selling. Eg, �I�m shorting the S&P 500.� You sell short if you expect the price to fall.
Shorting-Against-The-Box: A short sale. So why the strange expression? Well, the box referred to is a safe-deposit box�yours. If near the end of a tax year you feel a certain stock you own might go down in price & ought to be sold but if you sell you�ll be hit with a big capital gains tax bill you don�t want this year, you can short-against-the-box. You sell short the same number of shares as you hold �in the box.� Thus you lock-in a profit if the price does drop, but you haven�t actually sold your shares. At some later date, when you feel able to take the tax bite or you find it advisable for any reason, you simultaneously sell your shares & cover your short sales.
Short Squeeze: A situation in which traders who have sold short are forced to buy to cover their short positions. The amount of �forced� buying drives prices even higher than they would normally go & creates even more losses for the traders who are short, which in turn creates more buying.
Short-term: A subjective term indicating the shortest time period used in terms of investments. Usually refers to less than 6 months in stocks & 3 years in bonds. But in futures trading, can be less than 1 day. See also Long-term & Medium-term.
Slippage: The difference between the price stated in your order & the price at which you are filled. Slippage can occur in stop orders & MIT orders, but not price or stop-limit orders.
Soft commodities: Cocoa, Coffee, Orange Juice, Rubber, Sugar & Tea.
Spread: Simultaneous purchase & sale of 2 different securities & often future contracts.
Stochastics: A technical indicator that functions as an overbought/oversold oscillator. It consists of 2 lines (%K & %D). Based on the premise that when price is rising, it will tend to close near the high of the day on daily charts (but can be used on charts of any time period from 1-minute & up). For an advance to stop, it must first slow down. Thus a change in the momentum of an advance occurs before price reverses. Stochastics attempts to identify this change in momentum. Also used to signal divergences. Works best in non-trending markets.
Stock Split: Forward split: An increase in the number of shares of a corporation without any change in the shareholder�s equity. Usually done to make a stock more marketable by reducing its price. Eg, if XYZ stock is trading at 100 & does a 2/1 forward split, each shareholder will have twice as many shares with the stock now priced at 50. Reverse split: A decrease in the number of shares of a corporation without any change in the shareholder�s equity. Done to raise the price of a stock, usually to above the level of a �penny stock.�
Stop-Limit order: A particular type of Stop with Limit order (see below) in which the specified price & limit price are identical. It functions like a price order. Eg, �Buy 3 Mar S&P 500s at 780-stop limit.�
Stop-Loss order: A stop order that �protects� you from further loss by liquidation of your position at the market once the specific stop price is hit. Also called �protective stop order� or �protective stop-loss order.�
Stop order: A stop order is an order that becomes a market order once the stated price is reached. A stop order to sell (sell-stop) must be placed at a lower price than the market is at when the order is placed. A stop order to buy (buy-stop) must be placed at a higher price than the market is at when the order is placed. Eg, you place an order to sell 100 shares of Netscape at 50-stop. Once Netscape trades at 50 or lower, your stop order is activated & becomes a market order to be filled immediately at the best available price.
Stopped Out: Having a long position sold or a short position covered by the execution of a stop order.
Stop with Limit order: An order that becomes a market order once the specified �stop� price is hit, but that will not be filled at a worse price than the �limit� price specified. Eg, �Sell 5 March Swiss Francs at 77-stop, 76.98-limit.� That means when 77 is �hit� (reached) it becomes a market order. But in no event will you be filled at a worse price than 76.98. As with the price order, there�s no guarantee you will be filled.
Strike Price: The stated price of an option at which the owner can buy the underlying security in the case of a call option or sell in the case of a put option. Eg, a Jan 110 Citicorp option has a strike price of 110.
Support: A price level or range of prices at which a security stopped declining in the past or is anticipated to stop declining should it drop to that level in the future. Using price charts you can see at what price level(s) a security previously stopped declining. These are the most likely levels of �support� if price returns to those levels again. See also Resistance.
� T �
T-Bill: See Treasury Bill.
T-Bond: See Bond.
Tax & Money Havens: Tax havens are countries or offshore jurisdictions where taxes are minimal or non-existent. They are �islands of financial freedom� or �non-penalty colonies� in a sea of tax Big Brotherism. But some tax havens aren�t politically or financially stable, & not safe places to store money. Money havens, on the other hand (eg, Switzerland), are private, secure & safe sanctuaries to store money, but may not be tax havens. The rarest & most valuable havens are those which are both tax & money havens.
Tax-Loss Selling: Selling of securities that are lower than the original purchase price to establish capital losses, especially to offset any capital gains.
Technical Analysis: One of the two broad categories of market analysis (other is fundamental), which is used to obtain indications of future price movements. It is primarily concerned with charts of price & volume (& open interest in the futures markets). There are many techniques applied to historical price charts, including pattern recognition (eg, Head & Shoulders, symmetrical triangle) moving averages, & oscillators (eg, RSI, Stochastics) amongst others. The underlying assumption in technical analysis is that anything that could affect a security or market is already reflected in the price of that security or market. The ultimate goal of a technician is to let the market via the price chart tell him or her which way price movement is most likely to occur in the future. See also Fundamental Analysis, Line & Bar, & Point & Figure.
Technical Indicator: Any index, average, oscillator, etc., used by a technical analyst that is constructed using price, time, volume or open interest.
Time Decay: Term used to describe the decreasing time value in an option. It is not a straight-line relationship.Time decay increases exponentially as the expiration date is approached. As a rule of thumb, time decay increases rapidly from 30 days before expiration to expiration. Therefore, as a general rule of thumb, to minimise the adverse effects of time decay when buying options, purchase options that have at least 2-3 months left before expiration. And, if long an option, sell it when the 1-month to expiration date is reached. If you still want to be in that market, it�s wiser to buy another option with more time left. If selling (writing) options, try to sell options with 30 days or less left before expiration so time decay works for you. Obviously, the more time left in the option, the more premium you�ll receive when selling, so the above is a guideline. There are other factors, especially the historical volatility of an option compared to current volatility, that also must be factored into any option buying/selling.
Time Value: The part of the price of an option that is due to the time remaining between the current date & the expiration date of the option. See also Intrinsic Value & Time Decay.
Transports: See Dow Jones Transportation Average.
Treasury Bill: Govt promissory note having a maturity of less than 1 year. They�re sold at a discount so that the difference between the face value & purchase price is the interest received.
Treasury Bond: See Bond.
Trend: Basic direction of a market or security: up, down or sideways. However, timeframe must also be included because the long-term trend can be up, while the short-term trend is down & vice versa. It�s the lack of inclusion of time that causes many disagreements about the �trend� of a market or security.
Trendline: A straight line drawn to connect significant high or low prices of a security or index. If the security is advancing the low prices are used to construct the line (uptrendline). If the security is declining, high prices are used to construct the line (downtrendline). The theory is that a violation of the trendline shows a change in trend. Eg, if price has been advancing & then drops below the trendline, it is a sign that a trend change from up to down may be imminent. The weakness in trendlines is the subjectivity of deciding which high or low prices should be used to connect the lines. This is one of many areas at which the art & science of technical analysis meet.
Trilateral Commission: Int�l arm of CFR (see CFR) made up of global power brokers in finance & govt. Brainchild of David Rockefeller, head of CFR. Often called a �secret govt.�
2-Day Close: Abbreviation: 2dc. A stop-loss tactic which instructs liquidation of a position only on 2 consecutive closes below the stated stop price for long positions & above the stated stop price for short positions. An HSL invention.
� U �
UK: United Kingdom (Great Britain & Northern Ireland).
UN: United Nations. Created as successor to League of Nations in 1945, it currently has 184 member nations. Purpose is to maintain int�l peace & security & to achieve cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural & humanitarian problems. In practice, UN�s mandate is so broad & ill-defined that it has simply grown into a bloated, ineffective global bureaucracy badly in need of downsizing and redefinition�or total disbandment. It�s a black hole for tax dollars & an ineffectual cure for most global problems.
Unable: Used to indicate that an order couldn�t be filled/executed. Eg, �Your order in the Bonds was �unable�.�
Underlying Security: The security upon which a derivative (option, index, futures contract) or other security is based. Eg, an ASA option is based upon the price of ASA stock. The S&P 500 futures index is based upon the S&P 500 stock index.
UNESCO: UN Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation, whose aim is to promote collaboration among nations through education, science & culture.
� V �
Volatility: Term used to describe the size & frequency of price fluctuations of a security, index, etc. See also Beta.
� W �
World Bank: IBRD or Int�l Bank for Reconstruction & Development, a UN agency. Funded by �developed� (rich) nations taxpayers, it provides loans & technical assistance for both govt & private economic projects in �developing� (poor) nations. Political correctness aside, it�s a 3rd world welfare agency. All World Bank member nations are required to be IMF (Int�l Monetary Fund) members. Since World Bank & IMF are UN agencies duplicating most functions, they should merge to cut costs & bureaucracy.
Writing: Selling options. For every option someone buys, there has to be someone who sells an option. The seller is called the �writer� of the option. The seller is �short� the option because s/he�s sold it & doesn�t have it. Same principle as short-selling a stock or futures contract that you don�t presently own.
WTO: World Trade Organisation. Successor organisation to GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade), it�s an int�l forum designed to reduce world trade barriers. Unlike obsolete GATT, the 124-founding member WTO is not a UN agency & is permanent, not interim.
� Y �
Yield: General term for the percentage return on an investment.
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